Sectioned pelvic fin ray ageing of muskellunge Esox masquinongy from a Virginia river: comparisons among readers, with cleithrum estimates, and with tag–recapture growth data

Abstract  The potential utility of pelvic fin rays as ageing structures was evaluated for southern US muskellunge Esox masquinongy Mitchill populations by comparing age estimates among three readers and against cleithrum estimates, and by comparing observed length changes of tagged fish with changes predicted from growth equations based on pelvic fin ray age estimates. Mean coefficient of variation in age estimates among all readers and between the two readers with prior ageing experience was 17.8% and 5.6%, respectively. Exact and within 1-year agreement rates between pelvic fin rays and cleithra were 76% and 100%, respectively. Mean (± 2 SE) estimated absolute error between observed and predicted length changes for 13 tagged muskellunge was 30 ± 14 mm. This evaluation indicated that pelvic fin rays may prove to be a useful, non-lethal method for ageing muskellunge in southern US waters. Validation studies are still needed to ensure that growth rings form consistently throughout fish's life span.     

改良背主动脉注射法对鸡胚发育与转基因表达效率的影响

背主动脉注射是生产转基因鸡的经典方法,该方法不需换壳培养,但壳内注射技术难度大,并且无法实时观察后期胚胎发育情况。本实验对背主动脉注射法进行了改进,将增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)腺相关病毒(Adeno-associated Virus,AAV)壳外注射至150枚HH 14~16期(Hamburger-Hamilton Stage 14~16)鸡胚背主动脉中,再进行换壳培养,继续孵化至出壳,观察和分析改良背主动脉注射法与传统背主动脉注射法和胚盘下腔注射法对发育8、14、18、21 d鸡胚存活率、孵化率以及EGFP阳性检出率的影响。结果表明:改良背主动脉注射组鸡胚存活率均高于传统背主动脉注射组与胚盘下腔注射组(P<0.05或P<0.01);改良背主动脉注射组的鸡胚孵化率(37%)高于传统背主动脉注射组(16%)与胚盘下腔注射组(28%)(P<0.01);荧光蛋白手电筒检测显示,改良背主动脉注射组鸡胚EGFP阳性率(17%)明显高于传统背主动脉注射组(13%)与胚盘下腔注射组(12%)(P<0.01)。综上,背主动脉壳外注射结合换壳培养提高了转基因鸡胚胎孵化率和EGFP阳性检出率,对提高转基因鸡效率具有重要价值。     

野生老芒麦种质资源鉴定与基部叶鞘绒毛变异分析

为更好地利用老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.)野生资源,本研究从我国青藏高原、西北、华北、东北地区以及国外部分地区共采集了1 723份野生披碱草属种质资源,通过表型特征观测和流式细胞仪检测,共鉴定出了990份野生老芒麦种质,246份垂穗披碱草种质,并测得老芒麦的DNA含量在5.86～7.30 Gb之间,平均DNA含量为6.66 Gb;垂穗披碱草材料的DNA含量在9.50～10.36 Gb之间,平均DNA含量为9.97 Gb。研究结果显示,在西北、华北以及东北地区的部分野生老芒麦材料在苗期基部叶鞘出现了绒毛,分析发现该表型出现的概率与经度和纬度呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与海拔、年年均气温以及年平均降雨量呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01)。表明老芒麦苗期基部叶鞘绒毛的有无与环境因子之间存在着必然的联系,可能是老芒麦种质应对不同环境类型的适应性机制之一。本研究为老芒麦的形态鉴定提供了新的依据,为老芒麦种质资源挖掘和育种应用提供了材料基础。     

低雷诺数工况下锯齿型翅片性能的参数化研究

基于田口方法,结合均匀设计法对低雷诺数工况下错列锯齿型翅片进行三维参数化数值研究。以单层翅片组件为测试对象,对6种试件的试验表明,仿真结果与试验数据的趋势吻合良好,而存在差异的主要原因是试件加工工艺引起翅片表面存在毛刺。按照均匀设计法得到6因子5水平的11种仿真方案,引入田口方法的信噪比和贡献率,研究各几何参数对翅片性能的影响程度,依次为齿距、齿高、齿型角、错齿距、齿开窗宽度和齿厚。根据各水平下各可控因子的信噪比分布得到翅片的优化模型,并通过仿真验证了优化模型的有效性。     

Analysis of Heat Transfer and Optimal Parameters of Multi-louvered Fin Condenser

The authors conduct the experimental study and optimal computing for the condenser of automobile air conditioner. The especially the properties of heat transfer and flow at the side of air when using shutter fin. The authors the influence of several combinations of fin's geometry parameter to heat transfer and flow resistance. The maximal heat transfer is used as a criterion relation to select the fin's geometry parameters in the same facing air area of condenser. Furthermore, a program is designed to conduct optimal computing, and the computing results are basically consistent with experimental results. It shows that the optimal method is reasonable and the results can be applied to engineering practice.     

Predicting summer fin whale distribution in the Pelagos Sanctuary (north-western Mediterranean Sea) to identify dynamic whale–vessel collision risk areas

1. Mediterranean fin whales aggregating in the Pelagos Sanctuary in summer to feed are exposed to vessel collision risk, particularly from high-speed ferries.
2. This study developed models to predict summer fin whale distribution using a generalized additive model (GAM) and MaxEnt, with the aim of providing a tool to identify potential high whale–ferry collision risk areas along ferry routes within the Pelagos Sanctuary during summertime.
3. Models were trained using sightings data collected in the summer months of 2009–2018 on board ferries crossing the central area of the Pelagos Sanctuary. Environmental predictors were bathymetry and mean sea surface chlorophyll concentration of the annual spring bloom period.
4. The predictive ability of GAM and MaxEnt was assessed using existing knowledge of summer fin whale distribution in the region. GAM (deviance explained = 20.2%) predictions matched documented distributions more closely than that of MaxEnt, with highest predicted fin whale occurrence in deep offshore waters (>2000 m) encompassing the central north-western and western regions, and in the south-eastern region, consistent with known fin whale habitats within the Pelagos Sanctuary. Inter-annual variability was evident, influencing collision risk areas.
5. Collision risk was estimated as a function of the overlap between the predicted probability of fin whale occurrence and ferry density estimated from Automated Identification System data. Ferry routes that cross the northern and eastern regions of the Pelagos Sanctuary presented relatively higher collision risk.
6. Areas with changes in risk intensity between the years were temporally and spatially dynamic: some appeared intermittently throughout the study period while others persisted over consecutive years or recurred in different years.
7. Due to the vastness of the Pelagos Sanctuary, vessel speed reduction maybe a more practical measure to manage collision risk than re-routing shipping lanes. A combination of Seasonal Management Areas and Dynamic Management Areas approaches could be adopted for high-risk areas.

     

草鱼尾鳍组织二倍体细胞系GCCF-2的建立及其部分生物学特性分析

本文从草鱼尾鳍组织建立了一个二倍体细胞系GCCF-2。该细胞系用TC-199培养液加15％小牛血清培养。细胞生长旺盛,最高分裂指数达30.04‰。现已在体外培养近92个月。细胞在28℃生长良好。染色体检查表明,GCCF-2为二倍体细胞系。初步估计其细胞周期为21—33小时。GCCF-2对草鱼呼肠弧病毒(GCRV)敏感,并在细胞中发现病毒颗粒。     

Effects of thyroxine and thiourea on the metamorphosis of coral trout grouper Plectropomus leopardus

The contribution of the thyroid hormone to the metamorphosis of the coral trout Plectropomus leopardus was examined. Juveniles, aged 35 days, were exposed to thyroxine (T4, 0.1 p.p.m) and thiourea (TU; inhibitor of thyroid hormone synthesis, 30 p.p.m) for 13 days. All the fish in the T4-treated group had completed metamorphosis (second metamorphosis, pigmentation and resorption of fin spines) within three days after the beginning of the experiment (day 3), whereas it took 13 days for this to occur in the control fish. Moreover, the fish in the TU group had not completed metamorphosis even by day 13. Settling behavior was significantly stimulated by T4 treatment, as was the resorption of the dorsal and pelvic fin spines, the reduction of serration on the spines, and the transition of body color into an opaque reddish hue. Fish in the TU group had longer dorsal and pelvic spines, retarded pigmentation and an abnormal black coloration. These results suggest that thyroid hormone accelerates most changes during the second metamorphosis in the coral trout.     

扬子鳄胚胎背部皮肤及鳞甲的发生

本文观察了１６例不同时间的扬子鳄（Ａｌｌｉｇａｔｏｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）胚胎背部皮肤及鳞甲的形态及组织发生过程。孵化第２０天，来自胚胎中胚层生皮节的间充质细胞开始向原始表皮下迁移，表皮仅具周皮层与生发层两层细胞。第２８天背部鳞片开始明显，左右鳞片之间出现很浅的鳞间沟，前后鳞片交界处的原始表皮、真皮层开始向外突出形成鳞甲原基。第３４天鳞甲原基突出伸长，第４０天背鳞的纵崤明显。第３４～５０天中，鳞甲后缘基部的表皮层向鳞甲前缘基部的真皮层不断内陷，鳞甲显著伸长并向体后方水平伸出。背部表皮在孵化第３４天出现三层细胞，第４０天周皮细胞中开始出现色素沉集。第５０天表皮具四层细胞，周皮层细胞中出现大量色素沉集。第６０天表皮分层与成体时相似，周皮层已退化。孵化第３４天真皮层细胞形态出现多样化，第４０天真皮可分上、下两层。第５０天真皮上层中形成交织的胶原纤维网，下层中形成平行走向的胶原纤维。本文简要讨论了扬子鳄鳞甲的形态发生特点。     

余热利用换热器硫酸和水蒸气耦合凝结数值模拟

为准确预测烟气换热器表面酸凝结,了解其表面低温腐蚀特性,采用一种预测换热器表面酸蒸气凝结和水蒸气凝结耦合计算方法,通过结合H₂SO₄-H₂O溶液的气液平衡数据和多元组分传输理论,建立了酸蒸气和水蒸气凝结的数值模型,并采用CFD软件对方形翅片管换热器的低温腐蚀特性进行数值分析,重点研究酸蒸气含量和水蒸气含量对酸沉积和腐蚀特性的影响.结果表明:换热器翅片表面酸液质量分数的分布和翅片表面温度的分布趋势一致,酸沉积主要发生在翅片前缘及换热管前方靠近管壁的翅片表面;水蒸气含量升高会导致翅片表面酸液质量分数下降和酸沉积率上升,增加换热器低温腐蚀的风险,结果可为换热器安全运行提供参考.